008. Research methods in thinking ability training

Cultivation of Scientific Thinking Ability

Preface

Seeing the section on scientific thinking training in the bookIntroduction to Environmental Science" by Yang Zhifeng et al. [1], I became interested in writing some text.

I thought it would be enough to clarify thinking methods and solve the problems of scientific thinking, but now that it's time to do the project "Enhancing Scientific Research Capability, Building a New Shenzhen, I find it's not that simple. This topic must be systematically addressed.

Environmental science is a discipline of complex systems, with the environment dominated by humans being and complex. The components of the environment, in addition to their own characteristics, interact with each other. The dynamic nature and variability are the characteristics of environmental issues, but they are without rules to follow. There is stability in the dynamic nature, and changes exist due to changes in conditions.

The current theory of complex systems is not very mature, although are various versions. The aforementioned characteristics of environmental issues are the essence of complex systems. People's understanding of system theory is already quite complete, but it is only necessary to remember one sentence: The understanding of problems needs to go from detail to system, and from system to detail, back and forth repeatedly, to clarify each detail as much as possible. That to say, the understanding of details can only be clear when placed in the system in which they are located.

A system has time and space, and time and space have, which are the nodes of the system. Within the nodes, the system has identity, which is the key point to grasp the boundaries of the system.

The research methods nothing more than induction and deduction. Induction is summary, and deduction can be used to prove conclusions and also to expand conclusions. The conclusions of induction must be verified, and they not be written out.

These are the basic research methods, but scientific research is not so simple. There are also requirements for thinking methods and learning methods. This paper is thinking methods.

There is still a big gap between our country and Western countries in scientific research technology. Now there are problems of being stuck, so this paper is important

1. Two ways of thinking There are many ways of thinking in Li Menglou's " of Scientific Research", but in fact, there are two ways of thinking: linguistic thinking and mental image thinking. Both follow logic and there is no illogical thinking. the premise is wrong, it is still possible to get the correct answer, so there is the intuitive method and the inspiration method, which will make people take chances and no longer thoroughly the premise. Mental image refers to the transformation of language and real scenes into conscious scenes. Mental image thinking is an innate ability of human beings, while linguistic thinking is later. The two are not independent of each other, but often transform each other, and there is no pure linguistic thinking and mental image thinking. The difference in lies in whether the basis is correct, whether the thinking method conforms to the basic laws and rules of thinking. Yang Zhifeng et al. [1] William P, Marry2002's scientific thinking ability model, "Analysis ability helps us to synthesize and analyze the collected data; innovative thinking requires us to strive solve problems in different ways; using logical thinking to make scientific reasoning can draw orderly conclusions; after drawing conclusions, we should think deeply and ask questions, and make scientific proof of conclusions, which is critical thinking and scientific reflection.". I won't look for William's original text. Without innovative thinking, it is easy to innovate facts. "Critical thinking or scientific reflection" [1] is a mess. Scientific proof is nothing more than induction and deduction. The conclusions of incomplete information induction and deduction need to be verified, and the method of verification is the same as the method of research, which requires enough detailed information from the system. Details and systems, details and details, and conditions, systems and conditions, phenomena and common sense must be coordinated. There may be a problem in each point, so scientific research work is not easy. There are measuring noise downstairs, and they ask: I just measured it by the roadside, and now I am measuring it downstairs, but the building is not vibrating. Why did the let us measure it? This is a problem with the student's way of thinking, failing to transform the scene into a mental image, but only an echo resonance. This can be used to measure the wavelength, which is the deductive method, and resonance is the common sense on which deduction is based. A student asked why the spectrophot did not cancel zero? The absorbance of the four cuvettes of the spectrophotometer may be different. The answer is simple, but why can't the students of it? They know that the absorbance of the cuvettes is different, which shows that the students have little understanding of the components of the spectrophotometer and have a blind spot in their thinking.

2. Information Authentication

Imagery thinking always involves a process of artificial processing, which may contain known errors, thus are some requirements for thinking:

①The theory or judgment relied upon must be correct; ②The information must be accurate; ③The process of thinking must conform the laws and rules of thinking.

Expand gradually from a true detail until the whole system can be interpreted, the difficulty lies in the authentication of detailed information. Information authentication technology, it's not enough to just conduct field investigations. It is necessary to conduct field investigations and directly participate in the process of material processing and research to ensure that every step correct. The importance of field investigations and personal research includes the opportunity to verify the correctness of information, the correctness of sampling methods, the correctness of material processing methods, and the correctness the theory based on judgments.

The information obtained may be biased or incorrect, and the treatment method may also be inappropriate, and the theory on which the research is based be wrong, which requires that the acquisition, processing, and research of information should be done by the same person, so it is easier to find problems in a certain link.

There are often problems in some places that are taken for granted and seem simple, which is the key to the existence of bottlenecks.

The way of information processing is related the source of information, and data processing with SPSS must be cautious, and multivariate statistical analysis is lacking in classification. Having a good grasp of concepts means having the ability to information simply.

The vast time and space cannot be exaggerated over the tiny reality.

When a researcher relies only on experience in the process of field investigation and research, his scientific path is basically coming to an end. People always have to go through this step, which is caused by the change of Qi, but the deductive method can extend knowledge, and experience is not useless.

It is easy to innovate by seeking truth from facts, and changes occur according to conditions.

The benefit of personal investigation that it can supplement survey information in time.

3 System Boundary

Systems have nodes in time and size in space. Systems can be before and after nodes, or they can be repeated. In the space of a system, its constituent factors remain identical.

Theory of Universal Coordinates: Coordinates are-dimensional, and spaces beyond four dimensions can tear objects within them apart. Matter is different in different sizes of coordinates in which it resides.

4 The Importance of Field, Hands-on Material Handling, and Research

Materials collected according to an experimental plan are incomplete, and the information situation can only be understood during research.

5 The More Complex the World, the More Knowledge is Required

6 Cultivating Sensitive Thinking

One cannot lead in several fields related to a project and also not lead one field, which is a characteristic of complex system research. Environmental science involves many related disciplines, and it is not possible to be familiar with all of them, but the parts related the project need to be refined, even beyond the level of professional experts, which requires a general understanding of their fundamentals. It is not always possible to have sufficient reserves in the related, so environmental science requires a relatively large amount of basic knowledge, which is easy to expand when needed. In addition, when an issue is encountered, it is necessary to think about more to expand the knowledge base.

Sensitive responses arise from the presence of sensitive factors, and the sensitivity of thinking lies in three aspects: ① Proficiency in common, ② The level of understanding of information, ③ Proficiency in inductive and deductive methods. The general issues that are prone to occur are: ① Focusing on grasp of common sense without being able to identify whether it is correct, ② Lack of training in deductive methods, ③ The habit of understanding routine details without being metic enough. The focus among these three issues is the lack of refinement of issues, which is just a habitual problem, not a capability, but the results of dealing with issues be quite different.

7 Logical Issues

What is common in current papers is the lack of good logical application, and the way information is acquired can limit the scope information expansion.

8 The Path to Cultivating Scientific Ability Is Not Limited to One Approach

Humans have basically formed a relatively complete system of scientific thinking, to convert it into their own scientific thinking ability still requires considerable training, and this training is not limited to one format. Music is not just entertainment; it can cultivate the debate of and space. The current general education courses treat it only as an appreciation, which is incorrect. Playing games can learn how to grasp details well.

9 Conclusion

took the author nearly thirty years to walk out of the chaos, and looking back, the science of thinking is not complicated, but to be rigorous, one needs considerable training. In, there should be no room for luck, and when this level is reached, scientific research work will become easy. That is to say, a lot of work needs to be done scientific research work.

In the process of studying problems, the author found that we lack confidence in our basic knowledge, not because we have not learned it. This is very in some disciplines, where the mistakes are too basic, and the errors that can be seen at a glance can exist in books for a long time.

That being said, article only solves the neck-breaking problem of personal scientific research work, not the neck-breaking problem of a country's scientific research.

References

1. Yang Zhifeng et al., [Introduction to Environmental Science]. 2004, 7, Science Press.

2. Li Menglou, [Research Methods in Science]. 2009, 2. China Agricultural Press.